Selenium and nano-selenium ameliorations in two breeds of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of synthesized nano-selenium (NS) and commercial inorganic selenium (Se) on immunity, behaviour, and performance of Arbor (AB) and Ross (RB) broilers that were exposed to heat stress of 40 °C for 6 - 8 hours daily over 38 days. Two hundred and ten one-day-old broilers of two breeds were supplemented with 0.5 mL/L of NS or Se in their drinking water. Two hundred sera, 200 intestinal swabs, and 1000 internal organ and tissue samples were collected. Weight gain, performance index, behavioral indices, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, serum total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum creatinine concentrations increased (P <0.01) in RB compared with AB when supplemented with NS. Meanwhile, NS supplementation decreased (P <0.01) water intake and the logarithmic bacterial counts of the intestine and breast in RB and AB, respectively. Histopathology revealed mild leukocytic infiltration and mild vacuolar degeneration in hepatocytes, and focal leukocytic infiltration, mild congestion, and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the myocardium of RB. Photomicrographs showed a mild lymphoid depletion in the spleen, while histopathology of the bursa of Fabricius revealed a normal follicular epithelium and normal lymphoid follicles with mild inter-follicular fibrosis in RB that were supplied with NS as opposed to AB, which expressed more severe pathological affections from heat stress. Thus, NS was more effective than Se in allowing broilers to respond to heat stress.Keywords: behaviour, immunity, growth traits, tissue architectur

Differential effects of steroids and retinoids on bovine myelopoiesis in vitro

Pregnancy and parturition are associated with physiological changes caused by steroid hormones. Alterations in number, maturity, and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes observed in dairy cows at parturition suggest a common causative relationship with steroid hormones. This study was designed to investigate the effects of progesterone, 17-beta-estradiol, and hydrocortisone on the proliferation of bovine progenitor cells. An in vitro culturing system was used, and colonies were scored after 7 d of incubation. At low concentrations, 17-beta-estradiol inhibited proliferation of granulocyte progenitor cells. Hydrocortisone reduced growth of granulocyte and monocyte colonies, whereas myelopoiesis was not altered by progesterone. Furthermore, we studied the effect of retinoids on colony formation of bovine bone marrow cells. All-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulated growth of granulocyte colonies and inhibited proliferation of the monocyte lineage. The addition of the 13-cis-isomer also increased numbers of granulocyte colony-forming units. This study indicates that steroid hormones may be responsible for alterations in the bovine hematopoietic profiles observed in circulation during the postpartum period. White blood cells, especially polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are derived from bone marrow, are an important first line defense against mastitis. Therefore, these effects of steroids might contribute to the increased susceptibility of dairy cows to Escherichia coli mastitis. We furthermore hypothesize that an important role might be attributed to retinoic acid in its regulation of bovine myelopoiesis. Modulation of myelopoiesis in favor of the granulocyte lineage during the acute-phase reaction may be an adaptive mechanism designed to increase the capacity of first-line defense to intramammary infections

CYTOGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE DRINKING WATER TOXICITY

There was considered the use of biotesting for the assessment of the quality of drinking water from the different water supply sources (artesian, packaged and water-pipe one). The method consists in determination of the toxicants action on the specially selected organisms in the standard conditions with registration of changes at behavior, physiological, cellular and subcellular level using hematological indices of fish, frogs, rats and the lymphocyte cultures of the peripheral human blood.  Physical-chemical methods determine only the presence and number of chemical elements in the tested water samples because of the very large number of possible combinations of chemical compounds in water solutions (more than 75 million combinations), including behavior of anthropogenic compounds and the natural vulnerability of the water ecosystems to the combined effects from its toxic influence. As the optimal set of determination of the some structural and functional changes of cell genome as the result of the toxic influence of combination of the chemical compounds in the water solutions was offered the micronuclear test and leukocytic formula of the fish, frog and rat blood as biomarker. The reaction of fish, frog, rat test-organisms on the toxic irritation is presented in the change of qualitative content of the cells of peripheral blood. There were demonstrated the prospects of the use of hematological indices of the following test-organisms: Danio rerio fishes, Xenopus clawed frogs, Wistar rats and also the lymphocytes cultures of the human peripheral blood. The special attention was paid to the assessment of the risk for human health of the toxic substances in drinking water, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity that are revealed using hematological indices of animal cells.  The universality of cellular organization opens the wide possibilities for toxicological studies using peripheral blood of the different groups of animals (fish, frogs, rats), human lymphocyte cultures and allow assume the following possibility of extrapolation of the received results on human organis

Comparative outcomes of penetrating and component endothelial cell corneal allografts in outbred sheep

Lamellar (component-cell) corneal transplantation is replacing penetrating keratoplasty for some corneal disorders in humans; but the relative risks of immunological graft rejection for the two procedures are uncertain. A model of component endothelial cell keratoplasty (endokeratoplasty) was developed in the outbred sheep. Clinical and histological graft outcomes after endokeratoplasty were then compared with contemporaneous penetrating corneal allografts. No topical or systemic immunosuppression was administered to any recipient sheep. Endothelial cell allografts (n = 10) took significantly longer to achieve perfect transparency following surgery than did penetrating corneal grafts (n = 7) (day 10 versus day 4; p = 0.003; two-tailed Mann- Whitney U-test). The median day to rejection of penetrating grafts was post-operative day 18; and of endothelial cell grafts was day 48 (p = 0.04; two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test). The clinical courses of the two procedures were quite different. Penetrating grafts gained clarity quickly but exhibited rapid graft neovascularization. Clinical rejection was preceded by inflammation in the anterior segment. Endothelial cell grafts exhibited a fluctuating; more indolent course of opacification; although all did eventually fail. Histological analysis confirmed immunological rejection in all failed grafts; but with different patterns of leukocytic infiltration in endokeratoplasties compared with penetrating keratoplasties. Inflammatory cells in endothelial cell grafts were generally fewer in number and were more often found in the posterior stroma. We conclude that in the absence of immunosuppression; all endothelial cell allografts do undergo immunological rejection; albeit at a slower tempo than penetrating grafts.This work was funded by the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia. KAW is supported by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC)

Thrombospondin-1 Type 1 Repeats in a Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Transcript Profile and Therapeutic Effects

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular protein with regulatory functions in inflammation and cancer. The type 1 repeats (TSR) domains of TSP-1 have been shown to interact with a wide range of proteins that result in the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties of TSP-1. To ascertain possible functions and evaluate potential therapeutic effects of TSRs in inflammatory bowel disease, we conducted clinical, histological and microarray analyses on a mouse model of induced colitis. We used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis in wild-type (WT) mice for 7 days. Simultaneously, mice were injected with either saline or one form of TSP-1 derived recombinant proteins, containing either (1) the three type 1 repeats of the TSP-1 (3TSR), (2) the second type 1 repeat (TSR2), or (3) TSR2 with the RFK sequence (TSR2+RFK). Total RNA isolated from the mice colons were processed and hybridized to mouse arrays. Array data were validated by real-time qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Histological and disease indices reveal that the mice treated with the TSRs show different patterns of leukocytic infiltration and that 3TSR treatment was the most effective in decreasing inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. Transcriptional profiling revealed differentially expressed (DE) genes, with the 3TSR-treated mice showing the least deviation from the WT-water controls. In conclusion, this study shows that 3TSR treatment is effective in attenuating the inflammatory response to DSS injury. In addition, the transcriptomics work unveils novel genetic data that suggest beneficial application of the TSR domains in inflammatory bowel disease

Attenuation of Acute Rejection in a Rat Liver Transplantation Model by a Liver-Targeted Dextran Prodrug of Methylprednisolone

Background. The use of methylprednisolone (MP) and other corticosteroids for the treatment of acute liver allograft rejection is associated with severe toxicities in nontarget tissues. Therefore, selective delivery of NIP to the liver may improve its efficacy and alleviate its side effects. We investigated the effects of a novel liver-targeted dextran prodrug of MP (DMP) in an orthotopic rat liver transplantation (OLT) model. Methods. The model consisted of a high responder rejection strain combination (Dark Agouti donors and Lewis recipients). Liver recipients were intravenously administered saline or a single subtherapeutic dose of MP (5 mg/kg) as the parent drug (MP) or its prodrug (DMP). Different groups were then monitored for graft survival or euthanized 5 or 9 days posttransplantation. Plasma chemistry, including alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, allograft histology, and survival duration were determined. Results. Untreated recipients exhibited elevated plasma levels of liver injury markers, progressive portal and venous inflammation and cellular infiltration in liver allografts, and a mean graft survival time (MST) of 10.5 days. MP treatment did not alter any of these parameters. In contrast, a single dose of DMP resulted in a decrease in plasma levels of liver injury markers, a decrease in histological grade of rejection on day 5, and a substantial increase in MST (27.5 days). Conclusions. These results demonstrate attenuation of acute rejection following local (allograft) immunosuppression with a single subtherapeutic dose of NIP delivered as a liver-targeted prodrug. Dextran prodrugs may be useful for selective delivery of immunosuppressants to the liver following liver transplantation

Visualization of leukocyte transendothelial and interstitial migration using reflected light oblique transillumination in intravital video microscopy

Dynamic visualization of the intravascular events leading to the extravasation of leukocytes into tissues by intravital microscopy has significantly expanded our understanding of the underlying molecular processes. In contrast, the detailed observation of leukocyte transendothelial and interstitial migration in vivo has been hampered by the poor image contrast of cells within turbid media that is obtainable by conventional brightfield microscopy. Here we present a microscopic method, termed reflected light oblique transillumination microscopy, that makes use of the optical interference phenomena generated by oblique transillumination to visualize subtle gradients of refractive indices within tissues for enhanced image contrast. Using the mouse cremaster muscle, we demonstrate that this technique makes possible the reliable quantification of extravasated leukocytes as well as the characterization of morphological phenomena of leukocyte transendothelial and interstitial migration

Effect of electromagnetic filed on body weight and blood indices in Albino rats and therapeutic …

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